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colorectal cancer by wikipedia, referred to of free encyclopedia Jump to: Colorectal cancer Classification external resources Diagram of the stomach, colon, and rectum ICD-O: (95% of cases) med/413 med/1994 ped/3037 Colorectal cancer , also colon cancer or intestine cancer, covers growth, which is in the . It is the third most common form of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the Western world. Colorectal cancer causes 655,000 deaths worldwide per year. Many colorectal cancers are thought to arise from in the colon. These mushroom-like growths are usually , but some may develop into cancer over time. The majority of the time, the diagnosis the limited colon cancer by system . Therapy is usually through surgery, which in many cases is followed by Constitutional symptoms Metastatic symptoms Risk factors Diagnosis, screening and monitoring Other screening of the methods dukes

distant metastasen is of the worst prognostic signs as this places the patient in the most advanced staging category. Cancers of the large bowel generally spread through the lymphatics or through the portal venous system to the liver. The liver is the most frequent visceral site of metastatic dissemination and is the initial site of distant spread in one-third the recurring colon cancer s, with two thirds of patients having liver involvement at the time of death. Other commonly involved sites for metastatic spread when the liver is involved are lung and bone and brain. Rarely are the lung, bone, or brain involved without liver involvement. The median survival after the detection of distant metastases range from 6 to 9 months ( with heavy liver involvement ) months ( with initially small liver nodules ). The work up to detect metastatic spread after a primary colon tumor is diagnosed may include: liver function tests, abdominal CT to evaluate intra-abdominal extra colonic involvement, chest x-ray and/or chest CT for lung nodules, and a bone scan when indicated by new onset of bony pain. , as colon cancer treated ? The surgical resektion of colon cancer with 3-5 cm the disease margins and resection of the mesentery at the origin of the blood supply, including primary lymphatic drainage sites, is required treatment to attempt a cure of the disease. Usually can be avoided unless the cancer is too low ( usually less than 5 cm from the anus ). Cure can be achieved with surgery alone in a large number of patients. When the cancer is detected at an earlier stage ( this is why screening is needed ) the cure rates are much higher. Overall 75% of patients ( Duke's A and B1 ) are cured by a primary resection and of the 25% of patients who develop a recurrence, 20% of these will be cured by a second resection. Today, adjuvant therapy is standard for patients with stage TNM 3 or Duke's B2 and c colon cancer . A combination of 5-FU ( 5-fluorouracil ) and levamisole is used in stage TNM 3 or Duke's C over a duration of 1 year postoperatively and is combined with radiation therapy for Duke's stage B2 and TNM stage 4. Adjuvant therapy with 5-FU and Levamisole have been shown to increase the overall survival in patients with TNM a step 3 colon cancer is freely, over those treated with surgery alone, from 46% to 60% after 6.5 years. Kaster S, Buckley S, Haseman T, et al. Colonoscopy and barium enema in the detection of colorectal cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 1995; 41:379. Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Ho MN, et al. Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1977-1981. Grossman S, Milos ML, Tekawa IS, et al. Colonoscopic screening for persons with suspected risk factor for colon cancer . I. Family history. Gastroenterology 1988;39:395-400. Grossman S, Milos ML, Tekawa IS, et al. Colonoscopic screening for persons with suspected risk factor for colon cancer . II. Past history of colorectal neoplasms. Gastroenterology 1989;96:299-306. O'Brien MJ, Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, et al. The National Polyp Study: Patient and polyp characteristics associated with high-grade dysplasia in colorectal adenomas. Gastroenterology 1990; 98:371-379. Shulman K, Schilsky RL: Adjuvant therapy of colon cancer . Seminars in Oncology 22:6: 600-610, 1995. Arthur HI M.D., Diane FJ M.D., Murphy GP M.D.: American Cancer Society Textbook of Clinical Oncology 213-217 157-161, 1991. Marnett LJ Ph.D.: Aspirin and Related Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory. Ransohoff DF. colon cancer in ulcers the causing kolitis . Gastroenterology 1988;94:1089-91. Desaint B, Legendre Cl, Florent CH. Dysplasia and cancer in ulcerative colitis. Hepatogastroenterology 1989;36:219-26. Levin B, Lennard-Jones J, Riddell RH, Sachar D, Winawer SJ, and the WHO Collaborating Centre for the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer. Surveillance of patients with chronic ulcerative colitis. Bull World Health Org 1991;69:121-6. Ekbom A, Helmick C, Zack M, Adami HO. Increased risk of large bowel cancer in Crohn's disease with colonic involvement. Lancet 1990; 336:357-9. Drugs as Chemopreventive representatives approximately colon cancer . Preventive Medicine 24: 103-106, 1995. Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, GErdes H, et al. Risk of colorectal cancer in the families of patients with adenomatous polyps. N Engl J Med 1996;334:82-87. Kumar, Cotran, Robbins: Basic Pathology Textbook. 509-517, 1971.

continuation in colorectal the cancer : cost-effectiveness analysis of established and novel concepts. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2000 Oct; :412-20 PMID: 11127527 CONCLUSION: Follow-up concepts for colorectal cancer should aim at the identification of curable patients with recurrence. Evidence-based concepts, including life quality tests, remain to be defined, but currently abdominal ultrasound, endoscopy and carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) determination at 6-month intervals for 2 years and annual intervals for 3 years seem to identify this patient sub-group Tumor Markers 6/3/02 Tumor Markers medstudents.com 6/13/02 TDT TDT has developed marker tests which utilize RT PCR to amplify the mRNA of a protein called Guanylyl Cyclase C (GCC). Dr. Waldman and his research team have established that GCC is found only in the mucosa of the intestine, and on colorectal cancer cells in extra-intestinal sites. This establishes GCC as a highly selective marker for detecting colorectal cancer metastases. Clinical studies have demonstrated that GCC RT-PCR can detect a single cancer cell in 10,000,000 normal cells 11/2/02 The Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA):Past, Present, and Future Phil Gold, C.C., O.Q., M.D., Ph.D., and Neil A. Goldenberg - FULL TEXT PAPER - 11/2/02 Surgery for declining colon cancer : strategies for identifying resectable recurrence and success rates after resection. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, the North Central Cancer Treatment Group, and the Southwest Oncology Group. Ann Intern Med 1998 Jul 1; :27-35 PMID: 9652996 CONCLUSIONS: Second modes of operation for colon cancer , which are in particular launched by continuation testing or symptoms are common and can result in long-term disease-free survival. 11/2/02 Role of imaging in abdominopelvic follow-up after resection of colorectal cancer] J Chir (Paris) 1997 Jul; :51-8 PMID: 9378784 Most clinicians recommend a reference CT-Scan, two to four months after the resection and every 6 months for 2 years and then annually. The same follow-up strategy is advocated after abdominoperineal resection and for surveillance of the pelvis. The sensitivity of CT-Scan is between 69 and 88% but it is unable to differentiate recurrence from fibrosis 9/10/01 OncoLink "Ask the Experts:" CEA statuses and colon cancer 4/24/01 This is a response to a question about when a CEA level should return to normal post surgery for colon cancer u penn faq 9 /10/01 Diagnostic Tests Q&A from Cancerbacup.org (UK site) 9/10/01 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Use of Tumor Markers in Breast and Colorectal Cancer ASCO Article also discusses possible markers CEA, CA19-9, Lipid-Associated Sialic Acid etc. 9/10/01 CEA Negative Values in Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma: Specific Subset of Patients with a Chance for Complete Response ASCO Abstract 2001 9/10/01 Should CEA be monitored after surgical resektion for colon cancer ? From PRIMARY CARE & CANCER, Vol 21, No 4 (April 2001) 9/10/01 Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) 9/10/01 Asymptomatic Elevation of CEA? Ask Experts Medscape (free registration required) 10/27/01 Carcinoembryonic Antigen Test. 10/27/01 CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA) 10/27/01 CEA Testing 10/27/01 Assay, CEA CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) is a protein found in many types of cells but associated with tumors and the developing fetus. 10/27/01 CEA Question I am hoping that you will be able to steer me in the right direction. I am a 26 year old female diagnosed with stage 3 rectal cancer in '96. My CEA has risen in the past 4 months from 0.4 to 3.7, to 5.8 and I am wondering what resources are available as to the validity of the CEA/and or what other factors may contribute to a rise in this lab value. 10/27/01 Tumor Markers CEA, CA19-9 and CA125 in Monitoring of Response to Systemic Chemotherapy in Patients with Advanced Gastric Cancer Takekazu Yamao, Shunkichi Kai, Akira Kazami, Koichi Koizumi, Takayoshi Handa, Norishige Takemoto, Masakazu Maruyama Department of Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan 11/11/01 Controlled ribozyme targeting demonstrates an antiapoptotic effect of carcinoembryonic antigen in colon cancer the ht29 airframes . Clin Cancer Res 2001 Jul; :2022-30 Clinical studies suggest that carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is associated with metastatic advancement of colon cancer . However, the biological function of CEA is not well understood. We have established an approach that allows studying of CEA function within the intact pathophysiological context the human phã¤notypischen factor colon cancer studies , CEA did not affect cell cycle or proliferation rate. However, CEA significantly protected HT29 cells from undergoing apoptosis under various conditions, including confluent growth, UV light, IFN-gamma treatment, and treatment with 5-fluorouracil. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that CEA has an important regulatory role in apoptosis, and we propose that CEA is a survival of the airframes parallel for colon cancer airframes . 11/24/02 High preoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen predicts metastatic recurrence in potentially curative colonic cancer: results of a five-year study. Dis Colon Rectum 2001 Feb; :231-5 PMID: 11227940 Imaging and Radiology Go to Page Lab Tests 2/7/02 Common Laboratory Tests in Liver Diseases 2/7/02 Blood Chemistry Definitions 2/7/02 Lab Tests 6/23/01 testuniverse.com Complete Guide to Medical Tests : Test

general information over colon cancer crucial spots for this paragraph colon cancer is a disease, in malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the colon. Age and health history can affect the risk the expanding colon cancer . Possible characters of colon cancer a change in the intestine habits or blood in the stool. Tests that examine the rectum, rectal tissue, and blood are used to detect (find) covers themselves and determines colon cancer . Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options. colon cancer is a disease, in malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the colon. is part bodys

genetics and genomics for patient and the Public Specific Genetic Disorders , which learn over colon cancer learned over colon cancer , which we are versed in transmission and colon cancer ? Is there a test for hereditary colon cancer ? Current NHGRI Clinical Research on hereditary colon cancer additional operation resources to information over hereditary colon cancer , which we are versed in transmission and colon cancer ? colon cancer , a malignant tumor large intestine, affects both men and women. In the year 2000, there were an estimated 130,200 cases diagnosed. The vast of the majority one colon cancer cases are not hereditary . However, approximately 5 percent of individuals with colon cancer have a hereditary form . In those families, the chances expanding colon cancer are considerably more highly, than in the average person. Scientists have discovered several genes contributing to a susceptibility to two the types of colon cancer : FAP (familial adenomatous polyposis) So far, only one FAP gene has been discovered - the APC gene on chromosome 5. But over 300 different mutations of identified. Individuals with this syndrome develop many polyps in their colon. People who inherit mutations in this gene have a nearly 100 percent chance itself expanding colon cancer by age 40 . HNPCC (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer) Individuals with an HNPCC gene mutation have an estimated 80 percent lifetime risk of developing colon or rectal cancer. However, these cancers account for only three to five percent of all colorectal cancers. So far, four HNPCC genes have been discovered: hMSH2 on chromosome 2, which accounts for 60 percent from hnpcc colon cancer cases . hMLH1 on chromosome 3, which accounts for 30 percent from hnpcc colon cancer cases . hPMSI on chromosome 2, which accounts for 5 percent from hnpcc colon cancer cases . hPMS2 on chromosome 7, which accounts for 5 percent the hnpcc colon cancer cases . Together, FAP and HNPCC gene mutations account for approximately 5 percent of all colorectal cancers. These hereditary cancers typically occur at an earlier age than sporadic (non-inherited) cases from colon cancer . The risk of inheriting these mutated genes from an affected parent is 50 percent for both males and females. The genes that cause these two syndromes were relatively easy to discover because they exert strong effects. Other genes that cause the susceptibility to colon cancer harder too discover because the cancers are caused by an interplay among a number of genes, which individually exert a weak effect. Top of page Is there a test for hereditary are colon cancer ? Gene testing can identify some individuals who carry genes for FAP and some HPNCC cases of colon cancer . However, the tests are not perfect at this point in time. So, some families may have alterations in the FAP or HNPCC gene that can not be detected. The test for FAP syndrome involves examining DNA in blood cells called lymphocytes (white blood cells), looking for mutations in the APC gene. No treatment to reduce cancer risk is currently available for people with FAP. But for those who test positive, frequent surveillance can detect the cancer at an early, more treatable stage. Because of the early age at which this syndrome appears, the test may be offered to people under 18 who have a parent known to carry the mutated gene.